安抚奶嘴的正确打开方式

很多新手爸妈经常会看到自家小宝宝一不注意就开始有滋有味地吮吸大拇指，或喜欢含着安抚奶嘴，有些爸妈是安抚奶嘴的坚决拥护者，有些则认为对宝宝不好而不愿意使用。那么使用安抚奶嘴到底对吗？有什么利弊呢？用安抚奶嘴好还是任由宝宝自己吮吸手指好呢？安抚奶嘴在什么阶段使用呢？如何使用呢？在什么时候需要停用了呢？怎么帮宝宝停用安抚奶嘴呢？各位看官，请下滑屏幕，看我们一一分解。

Many parents may be concerned about their child’s thumb suckingor pacifier use. Some parents swear that pacifiers are lifesavers, and others think it is harmful and prefer not to use them.Is it right to use a pacifier? What are the benefitsand disadvantages of the pacifier use? When do we use it? When it need to stop? How we wean off the pacifier?

                                             

1.    为什么宝宝喜欢吮吸手指？

吮吸是宝宝与生俱来的反射，往往在他们出生前在妈妈的子宫里就开始吸吮手指了，这个重要的先天反射可以帮助宝宝进食。另外，爸爸妈妈们也常会看到宝宝有吮吸手指或安抚奶嘴但不需要吃奶的情况。这是宝宝感知和了解这个世界有效方式，并同时获取安全感和得到快乐。但是如果到了一定年龄以后，长时间的吸吮手指形成依赖的话，可能会影响口腔和上下颌发育，导致牙齿排列不整齐甚至反颌等现象。

All babies are born with the suck. They begin to suck on their thumbs or other fingers while they are in the womb. This is important because babies need the sucking reflex to drink. You can always see a baby sucking on thumbs, other fingers, pacifiers but not drinking the milk. It makes them feel secure and happy, and it helps them learn about their world.  Prolonged thumb sucking may cause problems with the proper growth of the mouth and the alignment of teeth. It also can cause changes in the roof of the mouth.

 

2. 安抚奶嘴的优点有哪些：

·         吸吮是婴儿的天性，安抚奶嘴可以给宝宝口感上的满足与安慰，能让宝宝感到情绪稳定，愉快舒适。

·         早产儿吸吮功能还不成熟，安抚奶嘴可以促进吸吮功能的发育，帮助肠胃蠕动功能完善。

·         在白天小睡及晚间睡眠时，给宝宝使用安抚奶嘴有助于降低婴儿猝死综合征的风险。

·         帮助宝宝养成能用鼻呼吸的习惯，防止病毒细菌经口而入。

·         戒掉安抚奶嘴相对于吮吸手指更容易戒掉。虽然安抚奶嘴和吸吮手指对于牙齿及口腔颌骨的影响是一样的，但是随着宝宝长大，对外界兴趣增加，安抚奶嘴相比手指更加容易让孩子停止使用，而手指作为孩子身体的一部分，却要难戒得多。

2. Advantages of pacifiers:

·         Babies are born with the nature to suck. Sucking a pacifier provides some babies with a sense of soothing,calming, comforting,and security and helps them settle.

·         Premature babies aren't born with mature sucking skills. A pacifier not only improves the sucking skills, but also enhances gastric emptying and stimulates bowel peristalsis.

·         When babies use pacifiers during sleeps and naps, there’s a reduced risk of sudden infant death syndrome.

·         Pacifier help users to be nose breathers thus reduce the virus or bacteria entering into body from the mouth.

·         Pacifiers can affect the teeth and mouth in essentially the same way as does sucking on fingers and thumbs. However, pacifier use often is an easier habit to break when the child is getting older, rather then finger sucking which is a part of the body.

3. 安抚奶嘴的缺点有哪些：

·         使用安抚奶嘴确实有小幅度提高中耳炎的风险，但是一般发生在6个月龄以后。

·         如果孩子4-5岁还在继续使用安抚奶嘴，会增加儿童期口腔和牙齿发育的风险，比如牙齿排列不整齐和牙齿咬合问题。

·         小宝宝对安抚奶嘴的依赖可能会导致如果奶嘴丢失或找不到的时候不开心。

·         在宝宝很小的时候，没有能力自己把安抚奶嘴塞进嘴里，如果晚上睡觉时安抚奶嘴掉落，宝宝可能会醒来哭闹， 这就需要爸妈自己起床帮助他塞入奶嘴继续入睡。

3. Disadvantages of pacifiers

·         Pacifier use is linked to slightly higher rates of middleear infections, but generally after 6 months of age.

·         Pacifier use, especially beyond about 4-5 years of age, increases the chance of dental problems later in childhood – for example, the problem of a child’s teeth growing out of line.

·         Babies can get very upset when pacifiers are lost or misplaced.

·         If babies aren’t old enough to find their pacifiers and put them back in during the night, they’ll cry for help.

 

 

4.       使用安抚奶嘴的注意事项：

如果有较多吸吮需求、安抚、吃手多的宝宝，可以考虑尝试安抚奶嘴。正确的使用，不仅会提高新手爸妈的生活质量，而且也不会让宝宝过度依赖。

·         美国儿科学会建议，为避免“乳头混淆”影响奶量，母乳喂养的宝宝如果需要使用安抚奶嘴的话，需要等到母乳喂养已经建立良好后，通常需要3-4周,所以建议可以出生1个月之后，在日间小睡和晚间睡眠时给予。

·         不要用安抚奶嘴替代或者延迟宝宝吃奶，只有在确保宝宝不饿的情况下，才使用安抚奶嘴，比如在喂奶后或两餐之间，以免安抚奶嘴影响喂养。

·         如果宝宝不需要，不要强迫使用安抚奶嘴。

·         不要把安抚奶嘴缠绕在宝宝的小床上或者挂在宝宝的脖子或者手上，这些行为非常危险，可能会引起严重的损伤甚至可能会威胁宝宝生命。

·         如果宝宝依赖安抚奶嘴入睡，那么爸爸妈妈们要准备好晚上可能需要多次起夜。因为在宝宝很小的时候，没有能力自己把安抚奶嘴放回进嘴里或找到掉落的奶嘴，如果晚上睡觉时奶嘴掉落，宝宝可能会醒来哭闹，这就需要爸妈起床帮他塞入奶嘴，继续入睡。

·         使用安抚奶嘴的话，不要在上面涂抹糖、蜂蜜或其他甜味食物，防止蛀牙。

·         购买安抚奶嘴时要注意标签上的信息，选择符合宝宝年龄的尺寸的安抚奶嘴。

·         每天都需要清洁安抚奶嘴。如果是六个月以下的宝宝，购买安抚奶嘴时，选择可以被放入洗碗机或可以被煮沸的。

·         准备几个备用的安抚奶嘴，放在随手可及的地方，万一不小心丢失而宝宝又正需要。

4. Using a pacifier

·         As American Academy of Pediatrics advised, if the infant is breastfeeding, wait until breastfeeding is going well before offering a pacifier. This usually takes about 3 to 4 weeks. Offer a pacifier at nap time and bedtime after one month old.

·         Do not use a pacifier to replace or delay meals. To ensure that pacifier-sucking doesn’t interfere with breastfeeding, only offer it when the baby is not hungry - for example, after or between feeds. 

·         Do not force the baby to take the pacifier if he doesn't want it.

·         Never tie a pacifier to your child's crib or around your child's neck or hand. This is very dangerous and could cause serious injury or even death.

·         If the baby depends on a pacifier to fall asleep at night, parents need to be prepared for night waking. As the baby is not old enough to find his pacifier and put it back in during the night, he will wake up and cry for help. Parents may need to wake up and get it for him.

·         Don’t dip your baby’s pacifier in sweet drinks or sweet food like honey because this can cause tooth decay.

·         Check the labelling to make sure you have the right size for your baby’s age. 

·         Clean the pacifiers everyday. If the baby is younger than six months old, choose a pacifoer that can go into the dishwasher or be boiled.

·         Have spares on hand. It is bound to drop the pacifier somewhere without you noticing, then get upset when he wants it again.

 

 

5.  什么时候需要停用安抚奶嘴？

一般来说，爸爸妈妈可以在宝宝一岁以后开始考虑逐步减少直至停止安抚奶嘴的使用。美国儿科协会认为，在一岁之前使用安抚奶嘴，不影响牙齿和口腔的发育。而随着宝宝年龄的增长，会爬，会站，会走，会用语言交流之后，对外界的兴趣也更广泛，需要花更多的时间来探索新事物，大部分的孩子会在2到4岁之间，会主动地逐渐停止使用安抚奶嘴或吮吸手指。但是有些孩子在2到4岁之后习惯性持续使用安抚奶嘴或吮吸手指，这样可能会影响口腔发育和牙列的整齐。如果在恒牙萌出之前停止吮吸行为，咬合异常还是有机会自行恢复，但是如果没有恢复，那还是需要看牙医进行正畸治疗。

5.When weaning your child off the pacifier?

When the child reaches one year of age, parents may want to think about how  and when to start weaning the child from the pacifier.  American Academy of Pediatrics suggested that pacifier use before one year old doesn’t increases the chance of dental problems.  Most children stop sucking their pacifiers or fingers on their own between the ages of 2 and 4 years. The behavior lessens gradually during this period, as children spend more of their waking hours exploring their surroundings. However, if the child sucks persistently on a pacifier or his thumb or fingers beyond 2 to 4 years of age and becomes a habit, this behavior may affect the shape of his mouth or how his teeth are lining up. If the child stops this behaviour before his permanent front teeth come in, his bite might correct itself. However, if the bite does not correct itself, orthodontic treatment may be needed to realign the teeth.

 

6.  如何帮助孩子停用安抚奶嘴或改掉吃手指的习惯？

最简单最平和的方法是在孩子没有压力的情况下逐步减少使用直至停止。爸爸妈妈们可以尝试以下的方法：

·         尝试减少白天的使用。可以把安抚奶嘴单独放开在特别的地方，只在睡觉需要使用时拿出来，这样可以帮助加快戒断奶嘴的过程。

·         只在某些特定的时间地点使用安抚奶嘴，比如，车里或小床上。这样可以给孩子时间慢慢适应不用奶嘴。

·         在白天可以给孩子以表扬，奖励孩子不使用奶嘴或吃手指的行为，或温和的提醒而不是责骂。

·         在半夜重新哄睡孩子的时候，慢慢地逐渐减少奶嘴的使用。比如，开始尝试的第二晚，宝宝哭吵每两次给一次奶嘴；在第三晚，宝宝哭吵每三次给一次奶嘴，以此类推。

·         孩子经常会在感觉不安全的情况下吃手指，爸爸妈妈要注意寻求引起不安全感和焦虑的原因，纠正这些源头并抚慰孩子。

·         当孩子在处于困境时，比如和家庭成员分开时，做到没有吸吮手指或安抚奶嘴，要给予奖励。

·         当孩子适应了较长一段时间没有用安抚奶嘴，可以考虑停止使用了，但最好不要有反复。爸爸妈妈可以给孩子一个特别的奖励或庆祝仪式。也许用一些有趣的方法会对最终戒断安抚奶嘴有帮助，比如，你可以建议把安抚奶嘴挂在花园的小树上，让仙女们送去给没有安抚奶嘴的小宝宝们，或者放在喂食小鸟的地方，给小鸟宝宝们。那么如果孩子想要安抚奶嘴回来，爸爸妈妈就可以告诉他，安抚奶嘴已经没有了。不过爸爸妈妈首先要记住把所有奶嘴都扔了。

·         如果这些方法都没有作用，试试晚上用绷带缠绕大拇指或者在手上套个袜子的方法。吃手指的行为还是持续存在的话，可以带孩子去看一下口腔科医生或者儿科医生。医生除了会鼓励孩子停止吸吮手指以外，还会给孩子解释如果继续吃手指会对牙齿造成什么样的影响。医生也会给予口腔矫治器，或一些药物涂在手指上防止孩子吸吮手指。

6.  How to help the child weaning off?

Agradual approach to reduce the pacifier use till stop is the fairest and easiest.Parents can try the following ideas:

·         Try using the pacifier less for comforting during the day. One way to do this is to put the pacifier away in a special spot, then get it out only as part of the sleep routine. This will help this process go faster.

·         Limit pacifier use to certain times and places – for example, the car or cot. This gives your child a chance to get used to being without the pacifier.

·         Instead of scolding the child for thumb sucking, offer praise and reward for not doing so, as well as gentle reminders, especially during the day, are also very helpful.

·         Gradually use the pacifierless and less when re-settling your child during the night. For example, give the pacifier to your child every second time he cries in the night on day two, then every third time on day three, and so on.

·         Children often suck their fingers when feeling insecure. Focus on correcting the cause of the anxiety and comfort the child

·         Reward the child when he or she avoids thumb sucking during a difficult period, such as being separated from family members.

·         Once your child is coping for longer periods without the pacifier, then take away the pacifier. Try not to turn back. Mark the occasion of becoming pacifier free with a celebration or special reward.It might be easier and more fun to help your child give her pacifier away. For example, you could suggest hanging it on the tree for fairies to give to other babies who don’t have a pacifier. Or putting it in the bird feeder for the baby birds. This way, if your child asks for it back, you can tell her you don’t have it any more. Just remember to throw all the pacifiers away.

·         If these approaches do not work, trybandag the thumb or putting a sock over the hand at night. If the thumb sucking persists, talk to your child’s dentist or pediatrician. The dentist also can encourage the child to stop sucking his or her thumb and explain what could happen to the teeth if it continues. He or she can prescribe a mouth appliance or a medication with which to coat the thumb to prevent the thumb sucking.

部分图片摘自网络，如有侵权请告知，予以删除。

Daily Health杂志主编：蒋本然

发表评论