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上一篇我们讨论了春季感冒，流感和过敏的区别。春天是过敏的高发季节，四海八荒的众位上仙们，准备好了吗，接下来会有很多人要历经此劫了。过敏这个事情，乃是个万万容不得拖泥带水的事情，这一次小编要来八一八上仙们在凡间的春天如何历劫---预防和治疗季节性过敏。
Spring allergy season starts. How to survive spring allergy season? Are you ready? Let's take a look at the following tips for dealing with spring allergies.
传授折颜的秘诀以前，首先我们先要来看一看哪些是春季常见的过敏原。
What causes spring allergies?
1. 花粉：
春天是花粉过敏最严重的季节，一般主要以通过风传播授粉的树和草花粉及杂草花粉为主。体积和重量微小的花粉颗粒在传播过程中会散布在空气中，并随着空气的流动而四处飞扬，而其中的一部分会被人吸入同时被皮肤吸收，从而导致过敏。而通过昆虫为媒介授粉的花，比如玫瑰或樱桃之类的，一般来说不会引起过敏性鼻炎, 这些鲜花的花粉颗粒太大没法被风传播。
1. Pollen：
Spring is the worst season for pollen allergies. Not all the plants would cause allergies. The wind-carried pollens, particularly from trees, grasses and weeds, which are very small, light and stay airborne for a long time, that cause seasonal allergies. Pollen enters our respiratory system and is absorbs by skin as well, triggering an allergic reaction. However, plants fertilized by insects, like roses and cherry, usually do not cause allergic rhinitis. Their pollen is too large to be carried by wind.
花粉在空气中的含量，随着气候，地点，和一天中不同的时间段而变化。一般来说，在清晨和晚上及温暖干燥有风的日子花粉浓度相对较高。
Pollen levels vary with weather conditions, location, and time of day. Overall, pollen counts tend to be higher in the morning or evening, as well as on warm, dry and windy days.
温度：气候温暖有利于植物生长，使花粉量增多。因为温暖的气候会促使树和草类植物授粉期提早，所以暖冬也就意味着过敏季节的提早到来。如果到了春天还是持续温暖，那早春就会开始出现较高的花粉浓度。
Temperatures: warm temperatures will lead to an increase in pollen counts. A mild winter means an early start allergy season, since mild temperatures bring an earlier onset of pollination of trees and plants. If the mild conditions persist into the spring, higher pollen counts will be found earlier in the season.
风力：风力对空气中花粉含量有明显影响，无风或微风天气花粉飘散受限制，有风时气流加速，有易于花粉远扬。天气晴朗温暖，干燥多风时，植物花粉囊更容易被吹散破裂随风飘散，导致空气中花粉浓度增加。
Wind: wind in the spring plays an important role on the pollen levels. It helps pollen travel from the originating point source to our respiratory system and skin. On a dry and windy day, the tiny light pollen particles is easily scattered in the air quickly, resulting in a higher distribution of pollen.
阴雨天气：下雨天花粉过敏者的症状相对好转些，至少在短期内，尤其是大雨或暴雨过后。这是是因为花粉受到雨水的冲刷，空气中花粉量迅速减少。另外阴雨天气时，空气湿度大，花粉在空气中飘散的同时作为凝结核，不断吸收空气中的水汽导致重量不断增加，就只能降落在附近不远的地方，不能长距离空中旅行了。但另一方面，降水与植物生长密切相关，不仅春天雨量充沛，使植物生长旺盛，花粉量增多，多雨的深秋和冬天也会使来年春天的树花粉量增加。
Rain: rain can bring relief to pollen allergy sufferers, at least for a while, especially after heavy rain. Rain often washes pollen out of the environment thus decrease the pollen count. Humidity also weighs down the pollen and prevents pollen from traveling. On the other hand, rain can also aid in the growth of grass, plants and trees which later increases the production of more pollen. Rainy winters and autumns can also increase in tree pollination amounts in the following spring.
2.霉菌
霉菌孢子在我们的生活中无处不在，常见于温暖潮湿的环境，一有合适的环境就会大量的繁殖, 比如浴室和地下室，或潮热气候的户外和土壤，腐败的叶子和木头。
2. Mold
Mold spores from fungi that can be found in wet, damp places such as bathrooms and basements or outdoors in humid climates and soils, decayed leaves, and rotted wood.
3.动物上皮的皮屑，
动物上皮的皮屑是指猫狗等动物脱落死亡的上皮细胞，含有蛋白质，会引起部分人群过敏。另外宠物的唾液、尿等排泄物中的蛋白质均具抗原性，同样会引起过敏症状。
3. Animal dander
Animal dander is the dead skin cells of animals, such as cats and dogs. It contains proteins that can trigger allergies in some people. Proteins in the pet urine and saliva are also allergens that cause allergic symptoms as well.
4.羽毛
对于鸭鹅等家禽类的羽毛制品或羊毛毯的过敏，大多数是因为其他因素，比如灰尘，尘螨或霉菌，可潜藏在其中生长繁殖。天然的羽毛和羽绒填充物是屋尘螨最好的生活场所。
4. Feather
While it is possible to be allergic to goose and duck feathers or wool blankets, most often the allergy is caused by something else, such as dust mite, mold or dust. Natural feather and down filling is also a great medium for harboring dust mites.
5. 尘螨
尘螨是一种八只脚的节肢微生物，肉眼根本看不见，只得需用低倍的显微镜或放大镜仔细观察才能发现。尘螨广泛存在于屋尘中，尤其是床垫、枕垫、地毯,沙发，窗帘和绒玩具中， 与人接触密切，以人和其他动物的皮屑为生命来源，喜温暖潮湿。大约85%的过敏患者是对尘螨过敏的。
5. Dust mites
Dust mites are microscopic organisms that live in household dust, especially in mattress, pillows, carpet, sofa, curtains, and stuffed toys. They thrive on human and animal skin flakes and have to have the conditions of warmth and humidity. Nearly 85 percent of allergy sufferers are allergic to dust mites.
6.屋内灰尘
留存于居室内的陈旧尘土包含有几乎上述各种吸入过敏原，宠物的皮毛脱屑， 死去的蟑螂碎片，霉菌孢子以及尘螨。
6. Indoor dust
Indoor dust can contain pet dander, pieces of dead cockroaches, and mold spores, along with dead skin and dust mites.
7.昆虫
春天是各种微生物和昆虫肆虐的季节，温暖的气候也同时标志着不受欢迎的来访者的到来，比如蜜蜂，黄蜂，马蜂，蚂蚁，蚊、蝇，跳蚤等叮咬的昆虫会引起过敏反应。同时，昆虫的身体，比如鳞、毛、蜕皮、脱屑、残骸，以及分泌物及排泄物等等都是致敏的过敏原。家居的害虫，比如蟑螂，在任何季节，不需要通过叮咬的方式也可以诱发过敏。
7. Insects
Warm weather does signal the arrival of some unwanted visitors like stinging (bees, wasps, hornets) and biting insects (Mosquitoes, bedbugs, fleas ) that can cause an allergic reaction. Insects' body and waster also are common allergens. Household pests, such as cockroach, can trigger allergies without stinging or biting all year long in homes or building.
现在我们来看一看怎么把过敏扼杀在萌芽状态
Now let's read your spring allergy survival guide.
1. 预防过敏之首要条件---找出过敏原
最常见的几种春季吸入性的过敏原有，诸如花粉、尘螨、灰尘、真菌孢子、动物皮毛、昆虫等。一般来说，树花粉出现最早，在冬末春初就开始有了一直到初夏。草花粉紧随其后，春末夏初比较多，而杂草类则是夏末初秋开花引起过敏。在日常生活中注意仔细观察，出现打喷嚏，眼睛痒鼻子痒，鼻塞流涕，咳嗽等症状是在什么时间和什么地点开始，或之前去过什么地方。如果在天气晴朗干燥有风的时候去过公园后发生的，那多数需要考虑花粉过敏，如果在闷热潮湿的天气症状明显的则需要排除霉菌过敏。
1. Firstly, know exactly what you're allergic to
People with seasonal allergy may be sensitive to certain types of pollen from trees, grasses, weeds, mold spores, dust, dust mite, feather, and insects etc. If you don't know what's causing your allergies, keep a diary. Write down when and where you start sneezing, itching, and coughing. Generally, trees release pollens first, usually from late winter into spring or early summer. Grasses typically pollinate next, in late spring and early summer. Weeds pollinate in late summer and early fall. If your symptoms are worst when you're in the park on hot, dry, breezy days, you've probably got a pollen allergy. It is more likely a mold allergy if the symptoms worst when you're raking leaves on warm, muggy days.
2.预防过敏之必杀技---规避过敏原或减少暴露于过敏原的机会
换而言之，就是要避免会让你症状加剧的所有东西，比如花粉，灰尘，霉菌等。春季最容易花粉过敏，怎么进行规避和健康防护呢？
2. Reduce your exposure to allergy triggers
In other words, reduce your exposure to allergens, which are the things that trigger your allergy signs and symptoms. Spring is the pollen allergy season, please take a look at following tips to help you reduce your exposure.
秘诀1：关注花粉浓度预报
上海从2007年就开始了花粉浓度监测。每年3月中下旬到6月初之间的这段时间，是上海春季花粉过敏最易发作的时间。我们可以通过上海市气象局的官方网站，地方报纸，电台来关注花粉浓度预报。在花粉浓度较高时尽量避免出门，减少花粉的吸入量从而减轻症状。花粉浓度预报分为低、中、高、极高4个级别。
低度：放心出行
中度：尽量避免到花草树木多的公园、野外去，避免同过敏原接触，外出时需采取有效的防护措施。
高度：轻度过敏患者需适当防护应尽量减少外出， 重症患者应避免外出，必须外出时，应采取积极有效的防护措施。
极高：无论轻重，都应高度注意，避免外出，必须外出时，应采取积极有效的防护措施。
Tip 1: Pay attention to pollen counts
Pollen forecasts have become a regular part of weather forecasts from 2007 in Shanghai. Spring pollen season in Shanghai is from mid March to early June. Check your local TV or radio station, your local newspaper, or the Internet for pollen forecasts for the pollen counts. Limit your outdoor activities when pollen counts are high. This will lessen the amount of pollen allergen you inhale and reduce your symptoms. The pollen is classified into four categories: low, medium, high and extreme.
Low: enjoy outdoors.
Medium: avoid visiting parks and outdoors with lots of trees and grass. Reduce the exposure to the allergens. Protect yourself from pollen when outside.
High: limit your outdoor activities if you are mild allergy to pollen. Stay indoors and avoid outdoor activities if you are a severe allergy sufferer. If it is necessary to go outside, protect yourself effectively.
Extreme: stay indoors and avoid outdoor activities if you are a severe allergy sufferer. If it is necessary to go outside, protect yourself effectively.
秘诀2：挑选合适的日子和时间段户外活动
通常在温暖干燥多风的日子，花粉浓度相对较高，而在没风的阴雨天，花粉浓度相对较低。 而在一天之中，草花粉浓度最高的时候是从从下午到黄昏，树花粉则是在清晨和黄昏释放最多，所以尽量避免在花粉量最多的清晨和傍晚外出，特别是晴朗干燥多风的清晨和傍晚。
起风天和艳阳天都不适合出游，要出门或做户外运动时，尽可能选在花粉指数最低的时候，比如小雨天或雨后，花粉指数就较低，就比较适合出游。花粉浓度高时，规划周末或休闲活动时可以考虑去健身房或者是商场。
Tip 2: Time your outdoor activities appropriately
In general, pollen levels are higher on warm, dry and windy days and lower on cloudy, rainy and windless days. During the day, the peak times of grass pollination are in the afternoon to early evening, while dawn and dusk are the worst times for people with tree pollen allergies. It should be kept in mind that avoid outdoor activities in the early morning and late afternoon, especially on sunny, dry and windy days. The best time to go outside and enjoy outdoor activities is when pollen counts are low, say, after a good rain, which helps clear pollen from the air. When the pollen count is high, it's time to plan to go to the gym or the mall.
秘诀3：学会识别已知的会过敏的植物。
平时最好要学会识别已经明确的会引起自己过敏的植物，户外踏青时注意规避有这些植物的区域。计划野外徒步之前要研究下当地的植被情况，树木和植物的种类。如果有你过敏的种类，可以考虑更换路线或事先预防性使用抗过敏药物。如果草类过敏者有打高尔夫球的计划，要确认球场有没有你过敏的种类。
Tip 3：Be able to identify your allergen by sight
Know the look of the plants to which you're allergic to before planning outdoor activities. It will help you to avoid these plants and limit the exposure when outdoors. Do your homework on the type of vegetation, plants and trees in the area that you will be heading into before a bush walk. You may consider to pick somewhere else to go or take antihistamine before you go. Golfers who have grass allergies should know whether the pollens they are allergic to are found on their favorite courses.
秘诀4：规划合适的户外运动
如果你喜欢数种不同的户外运动，在春季等容易过敏的季节尽量选取暴露于过敏原机会较少的运动，比如，在水泥场地上打网球，好过在草坪上打高尔夫球或去植被丰富的野外或山区徒步。
Tip 4：Plan your outdoor activities appropriately
If you dabble in different types of outdoor exercise, stick with the one least likely to expose you to allergens during allergy season. Opt for tennis on a cement court rather than, say, golf, or bush walk.
秘诀5：户外活动时做好防护
在出门时戴帽子，口罩、宽边全包太阳镜等可以减少你的上呼吸道和眼睛受到花粉刺激的机会。合成纤维材质的衣服在摩擦时容易产生静电吸附花粉，所以天然纤维的衣服更适合在过敏季节户外活动时穿，比如全棉材质的衣服，而且透气性更好，容易干，喜欢潮湿的霉菌也不容易生存。
Tip 5：Protect yourself outdoors
Wear your hat, pollen mask and wraparound sunglasses when outside to reduce the eyes and upper respiratory tract exposure to the pollen. Cloths made from synthetics fabric rub against one another and create an electrical charge that attracts pollen. Natural fibers such as cotton is preferable during allergy season when outdoors. They also breathe better and stay drier and less hospitable for moisture-loving mold.
秘诀6: 洗洗刷刷
在户外活动时，花粉会停留在头发，眉毛，睫毛和皮肤上。为减少花粉被皮肤粘膜和呼吸道吸收，出门回家以后要洗手洗脸，淋浴，用生理盐水鼻喷剂清洗洗鼻子，以及润眼液清洗眼睛。衣服和鞋子上也会沾染花粉，所以需要脱鞋和更换衣物防止把花粉带入家中。如果家里有宠物，那外出后也要记得保持清洁，防止花粉在室内传播。
Tip 6: Wash pollens away
While you're outside, pollen can parachute onto your hair, eyebrows, eyelashes, and skin. To minimize your exposure, wash your hands and face and take a shower to wash pollen off your skin and hair. Rinse your nose with saline nasal sprays and you eyes with lubricating eye drops are also helpful to remove pollen. Remove your shoes and change your clothes when you come back to home, since they can carry pollen inside. It is also to be noted to keep pets clean to limit the spread of pollen indoors.
秘诀7：避免在户外晾晒衣服，睡前关好门窗
花粉季节在户外晾晒衣服、被子、床单等容易沾染花粉。所以建议避免在室外晾衣服，尽可能用干衣机或在室内晾干衣服。睡前关好家里和车的门窗，防止花粉和柳絮飘进房间，如果花粉指数高的话，白天也要关好门窗。
Tip 7: Don't hang your laundry outside, close doors and windows
During allergy season, pollen can stick to your clothes, sheet and quilts when you hang them outside. Dry your laundry indoor or use a clothes dryer preferably, rather than on an outdoor line. Make sure the doors and windows in your home and car stay closed at night to keep pollen and catkin away, or any other time when pollen counts are high.
秘诀8：安排假期避开过敏季节
对于过敏患者来说，可以考虑将假期安排在你的过敏季节，趁机避开。下面列出了4个值得考虑的出游目的地。海边的花粉浓度通常很低，到海边度假是个好主意，可以玩玩沙子，吹吹微风， 暂时缓解过敏。也可以考虑乘坐游轮，因为海风会使空气中几乎没有花粉。 另外，计划一次沙漠旅行或滑雪之旅也都是不错的选择。
Tip 8: Escape allergy season
For allergy sufferers, it is a good excuse to take a vacation during this season. Here are four travel destination ideas that may be worth considering. Heading to the beach is a good choice. There are generally lower pollen counts there. Kick up some sand and enjoy nice beachfront breeze also offer relief. Another choice is to consider a cruise that can also take you flee the greenery. Plan a desert trip or hit the slopes are also good ideas.
3.预防过敏之每日功课---保持室内空气洁净
想要彻底清除家里的过敏原有点不太可能，但我们可以采取一些措施尽量减少过敏原数量。家里要保持干净卫生，使用带有HEPA过滤网的吸尘器清洁地板，保持室内空气干燥，用除湿器将湿度控制在50%以下，使用空气净化器，可以减少室内空气污染小颗粒和花粉数量。经常换洗被单、被套、枕套等床上用品。注意减少接触毛绒玩具、动物皮毛等容易引起过敏的物质。
3.Keep indoor air clean
To eliminate all allergens from the air in your home is difficult, but there are some actions that you can take to reduce the allergens. Clean floors often with a vacuum cleaner that has a HEPA filter. Keep indoor air dry and maintain the humidity under 50% with a dehumidifier. Use air purifiers with HEPA filters to reduce the pollen and particulate pollutants. Change and wash bed linens often. Avoid contact with stuffed animals and plush toys and pets dander.
4.预防过敏之玉清昆仑扇---抗过敏药物
过敏有时防不胜防，避无可避，特别是花粉指数高的时候。此时不妨准备一些常用的抗过敏药物预防性使用，比如抗组胺药物西替利嗪，氯雷他定等。
4. Start taking allergy medicine before symptoms start
Seasonal allergies sometimes are difficult to prevent and control. If high pollen counts are forecasted, start taking allergy medications before your symptoms start, such as oral antihistamines, including loratadine and cetirizine etc.
