炎炎夏日，召唤后羿失败怎么办？--烧烤蒸笼模式下防暑生存指南

听各位上神说，极端高温天会对人体健康引起各种影响，特别是孩子，容易发生脱水和中暑。中暑分为轻症和重症，后者根据严重程度依次是热痉挛、热衰竭和热射病。热射病有生命危险，病死率70－80％。

好吧，还是乖乖来看下怎么来帮孩子们安然度夏，防止中暑吧！

Heat extremes can produce several health effects especially in children, the most common of which is dehydration. Heat extremes can lead to heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. Let’s take steps to prepare in advance; know what to do to stay safe in the extreme heat this summer.

 高温天气要减少室外活动，尽量呆在有空调的室内（看， 这条命都是空调给的一点不错！）。如果家里没有空调，可以看下附近有没有提供空调的公共场所。另外电风扇也可以帮助降温。

如果需要带着宝宝出门， 避免10到14点这个一天中最热的时间段外出，可以选择10点之前或者18点之后。

鼓励孩子规律补水并在他们要求以前就保证充分的供给。有时候口渴的感觉会延迟到将要脱水以前才出现。母乳瓶喂的孩子可以额外多给母乳，但不要额外给水，特别是6个月内的小婴儿。

给孩子穿浅色，轻便，宽松，单层吸汗的衣服。

夏天高温会使大人和小孩比平时容易感到疲乏。

如果小孩感觉热，可以喷点水雾，洗澡，或者游泳帮助降温。

夏天在太阳的直射下，车内温度会很快升高。根据美国旧金山州立大学的研究，当室外温度26C时，车内的温度会在20分钟内上升到43C，之后一小时可以继续上升到49C以上。所以孩子被单独留在密闭的车内，哪怕室外温度不那么高，发生热射病及死亡率也是很高的。

1.Stay in door. During heat waves, spend as much time as possible indoor with air-conditioning. If your home does not have air-conditioning, find an air-conditioned space in nearby building that does. Electric fans also help.

2.Outdoor time choose. Plan a good time to go out if you need to go outdoors. Try to avoid the time between 10am and 2pm, which is generally the hottest hours of the day. You can choose the time before 10am or after 6pm to go outdoors.

3.Stay hydrated. Encourage your children to drink water regularly and ensure adequate readily available even before they ask for it. Thirst can be delayed until a person is almost dehydrated. On hot days, infants fed breast milk in a bottle can be given additional breast milk in a bottle, but they should not be given water, especially in the first six months of life.

4.Dress lightly. Dress your children in clothing that is light-colored, lightweight, and limited to one layer of absorbent material that will maximize the evaporation of sweat.

5.Extra rest time. Heat can often make children and also adults feel tired.

6.Cool off. Give water mist or a cool bath to cool down if your child is feeling hot. Swimming is another great way to cool off.

7.Never leave children in unattended vehicles. According to the research from San Francisco State University, when the outside temperature is 26C, the inside of a car will reach nearly 43C in 20 minutes. It will be continuing rising to more than 49C in 60 minutes. Children can suffer from heat stroke or die when left in a closed vehicle even when the outside temperature is not that high.

对于需要在户外活动或运动的孩子，还必须要注意以下三点：

For exercising children, it should be noted that:

1.Before any outdoor activities, children should always drink plenty of fluids even if they are not thirsty. During activities, kids should take water breaks every 15 minutes in the shade. For teens, give at least 240ml of sports drinks or water every 15 to 30 minutes.

2.Practices and games played in the heat should be shortened. Avoid heavy activity outdoors during the hottest hours of the day. Schedule activities during the coolest parts of the day (early morning or late afternoon/evening). Consider cancelling or delaying an activity under extreme conditions.

Children should promptly move to cooler environments if they feel dizzy, lightheaded，nausea, fatigue or overheated.

如果孩子可能中暑了，我们该怎么办呢？

下面我们来简单介绍一下热痉挛，热衰竭和热射病的症状和家庭处理。

What should I do if I suspect my child has heat stroke?

症状：肌肉疼痛痉挛（常见于腿部），体温正常，出汗，头痛或头晕。

家庭处理：热痉挛是最常见的也是最轻症的，也有可能是热衰竭的早期预警信号， 提示机体需要休息，水份和盐的摄入。可以先转移到凉爽的环境休息，给予凉的电解质饮料，一般在补足损失的体液后1-2小时恢复。

症状：可以有短时的轻度发热，37.8-39C，不超过40C。大多数时候没有发热。症状还有疲乏，头痛，恶心，呕吐，头晕，晕厥，大量出汗和皮肤苍白。这些症状大多是因为出汗导致脱水引起的。

家庭处理：轻微的症状比如头晕，可以在家休息补充液体治疗。可以先转移到凉爽的环境休息，让孩子躺下脚轻度抬高。脱掉衣服（除了内衣）以使身体表面散发热量。用海绵蘸取凉水擦拭身体，以体感温度凉爽但不发生寒颤为准。给予凉的电解质饮料，一般在补足损失的体液后2-3小时恢复。

热衰竭有时会进展到热射病，因此如果症状没有好转要尽快就医。如果有比较严重的症状发生，比如晕厥，应该直接送医。

症状：高于40.5° C的高热，皮肤发烫发干，血压降低，意识模糊混乱，昏迷或休克。这是有生命危险的急症，如果没有及时急诊治疗，死亡率很高。

家庭处理：立即打120急救送医。救护车到达以前，可以先转移到凉爽的环境休息，让孩子躺下脚轻度抬高。脱掉衣服（除了内衣）以使身体表面散发热量。如果孩子神志清醒， 可以放在凉的洗澡水中降温并让他频繁小口吮吸凉的电解质饮料。

1. Heat cramps:

Symptoms: Painful muscle contractions (most often in leg muscles), normal temperature, sweating, headache, dizziness.

Care advices: It is the most common reaction to heat exposure and it is not serious. It can be an early warning sign of heat exhaustion. It means that the body needs rest and more liquids and salt. Move to a cool place and rest. Give cool electrolyte  drinks. The symptoms  should clear in 1 to 2 hours after lost fluids are replaced.

2. Heat exhaustion:

Symptoms:  Can have a mild fever 37.8 - 39° C for a short time, but not above 40° C. Most of the time, there is no fever. Symptoms include fatigue, headache, nausea, vomit, dizziness, fainting, profuse sweating and pale skin. Most of the symptoms result from dehydration from sweating.

Care advices: Mild symptoms such as dizziness can be treated at home with rest and fluid. Move to a cool place and rest. Have him lie down with the feet elevated slightly. Undress the child (except for underwear) so the body surface can give off heat. Sponge the entire body surface constantly with cool water. Make the water as cold as tolerated without causing shivering. Give cool electrolyte  drinks. Weakness should clear in 2 to 3 hours after lost fluids are replaced.

Heat exhaustion can be progressed to heat stroke. Therefore, children need to see a doctor if symptoms not resolved with home treatment. Kids with severe symptoms such as fainting should be sent to hospital immediately.

3. Heat stroke

Symptoms: High fever over 40.5° C with hot and dry skin, low blood pressure, confusion, coma or shock. It is a life-threatening emergency. It has a high death rate if not treated promptly.

Care advices: Call 120 emergency medical service immediately. Move to a cool place and rest. Have him lie down with the feet elevated slightly. Undress the child. If the child is alert, place in cool bath water and give frequent sips of cool electrolyte drinks.